Cyberattacks on Japan: A Persistent Threat from China-Linked MirrorFace

By Ravie Lakshmanan, January 9, 2025

Japan’s National Police Agency (NPA) and National Center of Incident Readiness and Strategy for Cybersecurity (NCSC) have accused a China-linked threat actor named MirrorFace of orchestrating a persistent attack campaign targeting organizations, businesses, and individuals in the country since 2019.

The Primary Objective of the Attack Campaign

The primary objective of the attack campaign is to steal information related to Japan’s national security and advanced technology, according to the agencies.

The Threat Actor: MirrorFace

MirrorFace, also tracked as Earth Kasha, is assessed to be a sub-group within APT10. It has a track record of systematically striking Japanese entities, often leveraging tools like ANEL, LODEINFO, and NOOPDOOR (aka HiddenFace).

Recent Campaigns

Last month, Trend Micro revealed details of a spear-phishing campaign that targeted individuals and organizations in Japan with an aim to deliver ANEL and NOOPDOOR. Other campaigns observed in recent years have also been directed against Taiwan and India.

Attack Campaigns Categorized

According to NPA and NCSC, attacks mounted by MirrorFace have been broadly categorized into three major campaigns:

• Campaign A (From December 2019 to July 2023), targeting think tanks, governments, politicians, and media organizations using spear-phishing emails to deliver LODEINFO, NOOPDOOR, and LilimRAT (a custom version of the open-source Lilith RAT).
• Campaign B (From February to October 2023), targeting semiconductor, manufacturing, communications, academic, and aerospace sectors by exploiting known vulnerabilities in internet-facing Array Networks, Citrix, and Fortinet devices to breach networks to deliver Cobalt Strike Beacon, LODEINFO, and NOOPDOOR.
• Campaign C (From June 2024), targeting academia, think tanks, politicians, and media organizations using spear-phishing emails to deliver ANEL (aka UPPERCUT).

Stealthy Execution of Malicious Payloads

The attacks are also characterized by the use of Visual Studio Code remote tunnels to establish covert connections, thereby allowing the threat actors to bypass network defenses and remotely control compromised systems.

Evidence Erasure

The agencies also noted that they observed instances where the attackers stealthily executed the malicious payloads stored on the host computer within the Windows Sandbox and have communicated with a command-and-control server since at least June 2023.

Conclusion

The NPA and NCSC warned that this method allows malware to be executed without being monitored by antivirus software or EDR on the host computer, and when the host computer is shut down or restarted, traces in the Windows Sandbox are erased, so evidence is not left behind.

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